+	Type	Thickness (mm)	Material	Prestressing	Sandbl.

Note: Borosilicate glass and glass ceramics are listed for convenience. EN 16612:2019 Table 4 (k_sp) only covers float, drawn sheet, patterned and wired glass; for other types k_sp = 1.0 is assumed (same as float glass).

🌬 Wind

Pressure kN/m² Suction kN/m²

❄ Snow

Snow kN/m² Site altitude (ψ₀) H ≤ 1000 m — ψ₀ = 0.5 H > 1000 m — ψ₀ = 0.7

👤 Personnel & Maintenance

Personnel / barrier kN/m² Maintenance access kN/m²

Personnel/barrier load: people leaning against balustrade glass (k_mod = 0.89, 30 s duration). Maintenance load: walkable glass or glass accessed for cleaning (k_mod = 0.69, 30 min). Leave at 0 if not applicable.

☀ Internal Actions

LOW ALTITUDE HIGH ALTITUDE ⛰

🧭 Advanced

↕ Altitude C.5: 0.012 × (H − H_P)

▲ Max (positive)

H_P+ (production) m H+ (installation) m p_H;0+ kN/m²

▼ Min (negative)

H_P− (production) m H− (installation) m p_H;0− kN/m²

LOW: +3.6 / −3.6 kN/m² (Δh = 300 m simetrik). HIGH: +7.2 / −3.6 kN/m² (asimetrik, üretim farklı). kN/m² alanlarını doğrudan da düzenleyebilirsiniz.

🌦 Climate

ΔT_summer K ΔT_winter K

Δp_summer hPa Δp_winter hPa

Summer p_C;0 = 8.80 kN/m²   |   Winter p_C;0 = −12.50 kN/m²

Formula C.6: p_C;0 = 0.34 × ΔT − Δp (where Δp in kPa = hPa ÷ 10). Defaults: summer +20 K / −20 hPa → 8.8 kN/m². Winter −25 K / +40 hPa → −12.5 kN/m².

↧ Line Load — Barrier / Balustrade

📐 Load Definition

F_line kN/m Height above base mm

Fixation Simply supported (4 / 3 / 2 edge) Cantilever — fixed base, free top Duration (k_mod) 30 s — k_mod = 0.89 5 min — k_mod = 0.77

Target pane Outer pane (exterior / pressure side) Inner pane (interior / room side)

EN 1991-1-1 Table 6.12 barrier loads (e.g. 0.5–1.0 kN/m for residential/office). Converted to equivalent UDL via moment equivalence — simply supported: q = 8·F·h·(a−h)/a³; cantilever: q = 2·F·h/a². Set F = 0 to skip line load combinations.

⚙ Consequence Class (γ factors)

EN 16612:2019 Table 2. Use CC1 for infill panels that only carry wind/snow and self-weight. Use CC2 for glass that is part of the main building structure or carries personnel/barrier loads.

⚙ Toughening Process

Manufacture Horizontal (k_v = 1.0) Vertical — tong marks (k_v = 0.6)

EN 16612:2019 Table 7. Vertically toughened glass has tong marks at the edges which reduce the prestressing strength contribution. Only affects prestressed glass.

🔗 Calculation Theory

Use Membrane Effect (Non-linear Annex B)

Checked: Large-deflection theory per Annex B (membrane effect reduces deflection). Unchecked: Linear theory (conservative, yields higher deflection).

🔗 Lamination Options

Consider shear coupling (omega > 0)

If unchecked (no bond), laminated glass behaves as two separate panes (omega = 0). This matches "without lamination" reports.

◢ Installation

90° = vertical glazing, 0° = horizontal roof. Self-weight is projected as g·cos(θ).

⇆ Deflection Limits

EN 16612:2019 §9.1.4: default limit is span/65 or 50 mm, whichever is lower.